Who is liable when the animal's injury is caused by the controller's direct action?

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If the injury caused by the animal's foot is due to the controller's direct action, such as forcibly restraining it with the reins or striking its face, the controller is liable because he was the direct cause of the injury. Similarly, if the cause of the injury was another person, such as someone prodding or frightening the animal, the liability rests upon that specific person, not the rider, driver, or leader.