Is it obligatory for a person unable to prostrate normally due to crowding to prostrate on the back or foot of another person?

General Chapter

Al-Mughni

Book of Friday Prayer

Book 4 · Issue 1 · Bab 1

Open in Qurani

Primary text

It is obligatory and sufficient for the person constrained by crowding to prostrate upon the back or foot of another human being, ensuring the forehead and nose touch the surface. This is the ruling held by Ahmad (in the narration of Ahmad bin Hashim), Thawri, Abu Hanifa, Shafi'i, Abu Thawr, and Ibn al-Mundhir. The evidence cited is the narration from Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) stating that during severe crowding, one should prostrate on the back of his brother. This statement was made in the presence of Companions and others on a Friday and no opposition arose, thus establishing consensus (Ijma'). Furthermore, the action is valid because the person performed what was possible in a state of inability, similar to a sick person prostrating on an elbow support. The opposing Hadith does not apply to the one unable to perform the action, as Allah does not burden a soul beyond its capacity.

Supporting text

A'ta and Zuhri, along with Malik, maintain that this action is not permissible. Malik further states that if this is done, the prayer is invalidated, based on the Prophet's saying: 'And make your forehead touch the ground.'