Does an act of worship performed by one Muslim benefit a deceased Muslim if the reward is designated for the deceased?
General Chapter
Al-Mughni
Book of Funerals
Primary text
Any act of worship performed by a living Muslim, with the intention that its reward be designated for a deceased Muslim, benefits the deceased, by the will of God. This includes supplication (Du'a), seeking forgiveness (Istighfar), charity (Sadaqah), and fulfilling obligatory duties that permit deputization. Evidences for this include the Quranic verses where believers pray for those who preceded them in faith (Quran 59:10) and where believers are commanded to seek forgiveness for themselves and the believing men and women (Quran 47:19). Furthermore, the Prophet (peace be upon him) supplicated for Abu Salamah after his death, for the deceased upon whom he prayed, and for the deceased whose body was being buried. A man inquired about making charity on behalf of his deceased mother, and the Prophet replied affirmatively. Similarly, when asked about performing Hajj for a deceased parent whose obligatory Hajj was missed due to inability, the Prophet affirmed it, stating that the debt owed to God is more deserving of payment. He also affirmed fasting on behalf of a deceased mother who owed a month's fast. These authentic hadiths demonstrate the benefit of physical acts of worship, such as fasting, Hajj, Du'a, and Istighfar, reaching the deceased, thereby implying that other acts of piety also transmit their rewards.
Supporting text
The view held by Al-Shafi'i states that the reward of any act besides obligatory duties, charity, supplication, and seeking forgiveness does not reach the deceased. This is based on the Quranic statement, 'And that there is not for man except that [good] for which he strives' (Quran 53:39), and the Hadith stating that the deeds of a person cease except for three: ongoing charity, beneficial knowledge, or a righteous child who prays for them. The reasoning provided is that the benefit of such acts does not extend beyond the performer, hence their reward should not extend beyond the performer.