Is it obligatory to perform the missed Hajj (Qada') the following year?
Chapter on Ransom (Fidyah) and Penalty for Hunting
Al-Mughni
Book of Hajj
Primary text
It is obligatory to perform the Hajj in the following year (Qada'), whether the missed Hajj was obligatory or voluntary. This view is reported from Umar, his son, Zayd, Ibn Abbas, Ibn az-Zubayr, and Marwan, and it is the position of Malik, ash-Shafi'i, and the People of Opinion. The basis for this is the report from Ibn Abbas stating that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever misses Arafat misses Hajj, let him exit into Umrah, and Hajj is upon him the following year." Furthermore, Hajj becomes obligatory upon commencing it, making it like a vowed offering (mandhur), unlike other voluntary acts.
Supporting text
There is an opposing view from Ahmad, stating that no Qada' is incumbent. If the missed Hajj was obligatory, it remains obligatory in its original capacity; if it was voluntary, it is dropped. This is argued by reference to the Prophet's statement that Hajj is only obligatory once, and imposing Qada' would imply more than once. Additionally, the person is excused for failing to complete the Hajj, similar to someone prevented (muhsar), and since it is a voluntary act, its performance is not required like other voluntary acts.