Is it permissible for a Muslim residing under protection (Aman) in a non-Muslim land to betray or commit fraud against the hosts?

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Betrayal or fraud against those who granted protection is prohibited. The security granted implies a condition of not betraying them, even if not explicitly verbalized, as it is understood contextually. If a protected person betrays the trust, they have broken the covenant. Betrayal is impermissible in our religion, and the Prophet, peace be upon him, stated that "Muslims are bound by their conditions." If a Muslim commits fraud, theft, or borrows something, they are obligated to return what they took to its owners. If the owners later enter the land of Islam under a guarantee of safety or faith, the property must be returned to them; otherwise, it must be sent to them, as the property was taken through a means that rendered the taking unlawful, necessitating restitution just as if it were taken from a Muslim's wealth.