What is the ruling regarding making permanent improvements on borrowed land after revocation or term expiry?
General Chapter
Al-Mughni
Book of Loan for Use
Primary text
If the object lent is land, the borrower is prohibited from planting, building, or sowing after the term expires or after the lender revokes the loan. If the borrower undertakes any such action, they are obligated to remove the planting or structure. In this matter, the borrower is treated as an unlawful possessor (ghasib), based on the Prophetic saying: 'There is no right for a usurper's shade/work' (La 'Arqa li 'Arqin Dhulm).
Supporting text
The borrower must compensate for the benefit derived from the land unjustly, and they are obligated to remove any structures, level any holes, restore the earth, and abide by all other rulings pertaining to unlawful possession because such actions constitute aggression.