Is the individual praying alone (Munfarid) required to recite loudly or softly in prayers where Jahar is prescribed for the Imam (like Maghrib or Isha)?
Chapter on the Description of Prayer
Al-Mughni
Book of Prayer
Primary text
The individual praying alone is given a choice between reciting loudly or softly. This view is attributed to Ahmad, Tawus, and Al-Awza'i. The basis is that the defining feature of Jahar (loud recitation) is for the congregation; since the individual is neither leading to make others listen nor following to be silent, they are granted choice between the two states. This choice applies equally to performing the prayer normally (Ada') or making up missed parts (Qada').
Supporting text
Al-Shafi'i holds that it is recommended (Sunnah) for the individual praying alone to recite loudly because they are not commanded to listen to anyone, thus resembling the Imam. However, the opposing evidence rests on the fact that the individual does not bear the recitation on behalf of others, which aligns them with the follower during the Imam's silent pauses, differentiating them from the Imam who intends to be heard by the congregation.