Must a missed daytime prayer be recited silently when made up, regardless of when it is performed?
Chapter on the Description of Prayer
Al-Mughni
Book of Prayer
Primary text
If a missed daytime prayer (salat an-nahar) is made up, it must be recited silently (isrār), whether it is made up during the day or night, as it remains a daytime prayer. This ruling is held without known disagreement. Evidence supporting the necessity of silence in daytime prayers is derived from the statement attributed to the Prophet, peace be upon him: "If you see someone who recites audibly (yajhar) in a daytime prayer, then stone him with pebbles." This is narrated by Abu Hafs with his chain of narration.
Supporting text
Some jurists, including Al-Awza'i and Ash-Shafi'i, hold that if a missed obligatory loud prayer (salat jahar) is made up at night, it should be recited audibly, as it is a night prayer performed at night, analogous to its performance as an اداء (Da'a/due performance). Conversely, if made up during the day, silence is permissible. A different view, held by Abu Hanifa, Abu Thawr, and Ibn al-Mundhir, maintains that the missed loud prayer should be recited audibly even when made up during the day, equating the make-up act with the original performance requirement. Ahmad's apparent position is that the performer has a choice between reciting audibly or silently, due to the prayer's analogy to both states (day/night conditions).