What is the most definitive proof for determining the Qibla direction?
Chapter on Facing the Qiblah
Al-Mughni
Book of Prayer
Primary text
The most confirmed proof is the North Star (Al-Qutb Al-Shamali), which is a subtle star around which other stars orbit in a pattern resembling the handle of a millstone (furashat ar-rahay). This celestial configuration allows for determining the hours, times, and seasons for those who understand its rotation. The North Star itself remains fixed in position across all times, unchanging like the central spindle of the millstone around which the handle revolves. Evidence for determining direction through stars is affirmed by divine decree.
Supporting text
It is reported that the North Star shifts slightly, a minuscule change that is imperceptible and without practical effect. It is a subtle star visible only when the moon is not bright. Furthermore, it is stated that in the region of Sham (the Levant), facing away from the North Star when situated there places one facing the Kaaba. Some opinions suggest a slight deviation towards the east in Damascus and its vicinity, with the deviation increasing as one moves further west. Near Bahrain, the star is aligned directly behind the back without deviation.