Is prayer permissible when there is doubt regarding the entry of the prescribed time?

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Prayer is not permissible until certainty of the entry of the time is established, or until the time is strongly presumed to have entered. This presumption is established for those whose routine activities, such as a craftsman completing a set task or a reader finishing a prescribed portion, correlate with the time of prayer. Once this occurs and the time is strongly presumed, prayer becomes permissible. It is recommended to delay the prayer slightly to strengthen this presumption, unless there is a fear of the time expiring. For the Asr prayer specifically, in conditions of cloudy weather, hastening the prayer is recommended. This is based on the report of Buraydah, who stated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, commanded: "Be prompt with the Asr prayer in cloudy weather, for whoever misses the Asr prayer, their deeds become nullified," narrated by Al-Bukhari and Ibn Majah. The likely meaning is to pray it promptly when its time begins, based on certainty or strong presumption, especially since its preferred time in winter is short, risking its passage.