Are rain, severe cold, darkness, and risk of losing travel companions valid excuses for missing congregation?
Chapter on the Description of Prayer
Al-Mughni
Book of Prayer
Primary text
One is excused from attending congregation and Friday prayer due to rain that soaks garments, or mud that causes self-harm or soiling of clothes. Ibn 'Abbas instructed his Muezzin on a rainy day, upon saying the first Shahada, to say, 'Pray in your homes,' because he disliked taking people out into the mud and slippery ground, stating that even the one better than him (the Prophet) did so. Furthermore, one is excused due to severe wind on a cold, dark night. Ibn Majah narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) would announce, 'Pray in your dwellings,' on rainy or cold nights, with an authentic chain. This is also narrated with variations confirming permission during cold or rainy weather, especially while traveling. Lastly, one who intends to travel and fears missing their companions is excused.
Supporting text
Fear for one's wealth includes fear of theft, fire, or loss of property like food on the stove or a trusted deposit. Fear for one's children or family, such as fearing they will be lost or harmed, or the need to attend to a relative who might die without one present, are also considered valid excuses. Ibn 'Umar leaving Friday prayer to answer a call for help regarding Sa'id ibn Zayd supports this view, a position held by 'Ata, Al-Hasan, Al-Awza'i, and Al-Shafi'i.