What is the ruling on performing prayer without Adhan or Iqamah?
Chapter on Adhan
Al-Mughni
Book of Prayer
Primary text
It is disliked (Makruh) to omit the Adhan for the five obligatory prayers, but the prayer itself remains valid without them. The dislike stems from the Prophet's constant practice of both calls and his command to Malik ibn al-Huwairith, stating: 'When the time for prayer comes, let one of you make the Adhan, and let the eldest among you lead the prayer.' This view, that the Adhan is a confirmed Sunnah but not obligatory, is held by Al-Kharqi, Abu Hanifa, and Al-Shafi'i, considering it a call to prayer similar to 'As-salatu jami'ah.' If prayer is performed without Adhan or Iqamah, the prayer is valid based on the action of 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Alqamah, and Al-Aswad, who prayed without either call.
Supporting text
Some scholars, including Abu Bakr 'Abd al-Aziz and the majority of our colleagues, along with some Malikis, consider the Adhan to be an obligation of collective sufficiency (Fard Kifayah). 'Ata', Al-Muzani, and Al-Awza'i consider it an absolute obligation (Fard) because the Prophet commanded it, and he and his successors maintained it. Regarding the one who forgets the Iqamah, 'Ata' states they must repeat the prayer. Al-Awza'i once stated that repetition is necessary only while the time for the prayer remains, after which repetition is waived. These latter views are considered deviant from the established position of the majority.