Is the intention (Niyyah) a prerequisite for the validity of Wudu, Ghusl, and Tayammum?
Chapter on the Obligation of Purification
Al-Mughni
Book of Purification
Primary text
The intention is a prerequisite for the validity of all forms of ritual purification pertaining to minor and major impurities, and Tayammum. This view is reported from Ali and adopted by Rabiah, Malik, Al-Shafi'i, Al-Layth, Ishaq, Abu Ubayd, and Ibn al-Mundhir. The evidence is the Hadith narrated by Umar: 'Actions are but by intentions, and every man shall have but that which he intended' (Muttafaqun 'alayh), establishing that no religious act is valid without intention. Furthermore, purification from an impurity (Hadath) requires intention, as it is an act of worship (Ibadah) performed as an act of nearness to Allah and obedience to His command.
Supporting text
Al-Thawri and the Companions of opinion argue that intention is not required for purification using water (Wudu or Ghusl), only for Tayammum. They cite the verse regarding Wudu: {When you rise to perform prayer, wash your faces...} (Quran 5:6), noting that intention was not mentioned as a condition, even though other prerequisites were listed. They also argue that purification by water does not require intention, similar to cleansing external impurities.