Who has priority for a limited amount of water when a Junub (person in major ritual impurity), a deceased person needing Ghusl (ritual bath), and a menstruating woman needing Ghusl are present?
Chapter on Tayammum
Al-Mughni
Book of Purification
Primary text
If the limited water belongs to one of the living individuals present, that person has the first right to it, as they need it for themselves, and it is impermissible for them to give it to another. This applies whether the owner is the deceased or one of the living. If the water belongs to an external party, there are two narrations from Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him). One narration states the deceased has priority because their washing is the conclusion of their purification, making a complete purification desirable, whereas the living can resort to Tayammum (dry ablution) for prayer. The second narration states the living take precedence because they are obligated to use water for Ghusl when available, while the obligation has ceased for the deceased upon death. The latter view was preferred by Al-Khallal.
Supporting text
If one of the present individuals has a minor impurity (hadath), they take precedence for the water due to the presence of a more severe impurity on others.