What constitutes 'Adalah (Uprightness) required for valid testimony?
General Chapter
Al-Mughni
Book of Testimonies
Primary text
Uprightness is defined as having balanced conduct in one's religion and actions, encompassing religion, chivalry (Muru'ah), and adherence to legal rulings. In matters of religion, an upright person must not commit a major sin, nor persistently commit a minor sin. Major sins include those for which a prescribed punishment exists, associating partners with Allah, unlawfully taking a soul, bearing false witness, and disobeying parents. The evidence for excluding major sins is Quran 53:32, which addresses those who avoid major sins and indecencies, save for what is overlooked ('al-limam').
Supporting text
There are differing opinions on 'al-limam' (oversights): some interpret it as minor sins, as complete avoidance is impossible, citing the supplication 'If You do not forgive us, surely You forgive the greatest sins, and who is there who has not committed a sin?' Others define it as committing a sin once and not returning to it. Minor sins do not disqualify testimony if the person repents or if good deeds are overwhelmingly dominant, given the difficulty in avoiding them entirely.