What are the requirements for establishing financial claims?
General Chapter
Al-Mughni
Book of Testimonies
Primary text
Financial matters, such as loans, usurpation, all debts, and matters whose purpose is financial like sales, endowments (*waqf*), rent (*ijarah*), gifts, reconciliation, partnership in cultivation (*musāqāh*), joint ventures (*muḍārabah*), partnership, bequests directed to the claimant, and bodily injury resulting in financial compensation (such as erroneous or intentional injury causing financial loss, excluding *Qisas*), are established by the testimony of one man and two women. This is explicitly mandated by the Almighty: "...And have two witnesses from among your men. But if there are not two men, then a man and two women from those whom you accept as witnesses..." (Quran 2:282), and this is agreed upon by the scholars of the Ummah.
Supporting text
Abu Bakr argued that bodily injury should not be established by one man and two women because it is an injury, akin to those necessitating *Qisas*. However, the sounder view is that since the consequence is financial compensation, it is analogous to sales, which are established by the testimony of women along with men. Matters resulting in *Qisas* are not established by female testimony, whereas matters resulting only in financial compensation are.