Tafsir of At-Tur 52:42

"Or do they intend a plot" against you and your law? This refers to what they did regarding him (may Allah Almighty bless him and grant him peace) at the Dar al-Nadwah, which is well-known from the biographies. This is among the reports of the unseen, for the story of the Dar al-Nadwah occurred at the time of the Migration, and the revelation of this Surah preceded it, as the historical accounts indicate.

"So those who disbelieved" are the ones mentioned who intended to plot against him (blessings and peace be upon him). The relative pronoun (those) was used in place of their personal pronoun to register against them the disbelief contained within the relative clause and to assign it as the cause for the judgment. It is also permissible that all disbelievers are intended, and they are included in this primarily.

"Are the ones plotted against," meaning they are the ones whom their own plot encompasses, and its calamity recoils upon them, not the one whom they intended to plot against. Its calamity regarding them was their killing on the day of Badr, in the fifteenth year of the Prophethood. It is said: For this reason, the word "or" (am) occurred here fifteen times, as an indication of what was mentioned. According to what al-Shihab said, something like this is not considered far-fetched among the miraculous aspects of the Quran, even if the transition to such a meaning is subtle, and its relevance is even more subtle. It is also permissible that the meaning is that they are the ones defeated in the plot, in the sense of: "You plotted against them, and I plotted [back]."